How does scientific marking and tagging affect marine mammals?

For decades, field researchers have applied paints, dyes, brands and telemetry tags to wild animals to track their movements and behaviors in nature. But does tagging or marking a wild animal change its behavior over time? Do marked marine mammals experience pain or suffering that changes their normal behavior on land or in water? How can we know?

A female Steller sea lion branded as a pup at Forrester Island in Southeast Alaska
and later photographed using a summer haulout in British Columbia.

These questions, framed in a new Consortium study published in the journal Wildlife Research, address important gaps in scientific understanding that could profoundly influence future field research. Animal welfare studies, such as this one, offer an important new dimension to the Consortium’s interdisciplinary field research program.
Motivated by her interest in the welfare of wild animals, PhD student Kristen Walker (University of British Columbia) and her colleagues reviewed a number of published studies that involved tagging and marking marine mammals. They found that very few studies focused on long-term impacts of marking on animal health, growth and behavior. They believe scientists have an opportunity to improve the way in which these types of field research are conducted and reported.
“After conducting an online literature search we found only 39 studies published since 1980 that specifically addressed the effects of marking on marine mammals, the majority of which were published after 2000,” says Walker, having since earned her PhD from UBC’s Animal Welfare Program. “Not all studies set out to test the direct effects of marking though—many only mentioned marking effects in passing. More studies have focused on the short-term effects of a device on an animal, but not the long-term effects.”

A female northern fur seal from St. Paul Island, Alaska, carrying biologging tags to collect data on where and how she obtains food
in the Bering Sea. The tags are later removed and any residual glue on the fur falls off when the animal molts. Research was conducted under NMSF Permit #14329

There was a wide range in the studies looking at marking effects. Some studies measured whether placing a satellite transmitter on a seal affected swimming behaviors, while others studied the pain associated with the controversial practice of hot-iron branding on sea lions. Others measured the overall survival of a group of tagged animals within a population.

“Our analysis identified the need for more species-specific studies to be conducted,” says Walker. “It may be problematic to generalize the results of studies between different species, such as elephant seals and bottlenose dolphins, because species may react differently to a particular device.”

ETHICAL STANDARDS

In the remote waters of the North Pacific Ocean, tagging and marking has played a critical role in helping scientists to identify and track endangered seals and sea lions. Consortium researchers have always approached this type of research with the highest ethical standards, says Science Director and study co-author Andrew Trites.

“Working one-on-one with sea lions and fur seals at the Vancouver Aquarium has profoundly influenced the ways in which we study marine mammals,” says Trites. “We can’t conserve wildlife if we rely on techniques that alter natural behaviors and physiological responses, because this would generate unreliable scientific results. Conservation and the welfare of animals must go hand in hand.”
Walker and Trites recommend that future studies with marked animals should use a standard format for reporting, which would include detailed descriptions of the methodology, monitoring and sampling design, and practices used to minimize the impacts of marking. This common framework would allow scientists to more closely compare published studies and choose the least harmful approach to tagging or marking.

Steller sea lion at open water research station

Kristen Walker makes behavioral observations of Steller sea lions at the Alaska SeaLife Center as part of her PhD research conducted under NMFS Permit #881-1890

The study conducted by Walker and colleagues describes eleven guidelines for minimizing the impact of marking on study animals, six of which are from previously published studies while five are new recommendations. The authors encourage researchers to publish all results of marking effects—especially studies that find a negative impact on the animals or the data, which often go unpublished. These studies provide important knowledge for adapting and refining approaches to marking and tagging.
BRIDGING THE GAP
As a Master of Science graduate student, Walker became concerned for the welfare of individual animals involved in field research. “I was working with sea otters who were being surgically implanted with radio-telemetry devices,” she says. “When I asked what would happen to the animals after surgery, little was known except that they typically survive—there was no mention of the pain associated with the surgery or how the surgery and tags might affect their long-term behavior. I was surprised to learn there was very little research conducted in this area. I decided to focus my future research efforts on trying to measure the impacts of marking devices to help reduce the possible suffering of tagged animals.”
Since then, Walker has tried to conduct research that can bridge the gap between animal welfare, which focuses on the individual animals, and conservation science, which focuses at the population level. “Combining these two disciplines allows for more attention to be placed on the individual animal, while still meeting overall conservation program goals,” she says.
Walker believes that a new movement to incorporate animal welfare practices into population-level studies is replacing an older mentality of sacrificing a few animals for the good of the many. She and other scientists are calling for increased funding for research in this area.

PUBLICATION:

	A review of the effects of different marking and tagging techniques on marine mammals.
		Walker, K. A., A. W. Trites, M. Haulena and D. M. Weary. 2012.
		Wildlife Research 59:15-30.
		abstract Wildlife research often requires marking and tagging animals to collect data on survival, reproduction, movement, behaviour and physiology. Identification of individual marine mammals can be carried out using tags, brands, paint, dye, photogrammetry, telemetry and other techniques. An analysis of peer-reviewed articles published from January 1980 to April 2011 addressing the effects of marking revealed a preponderance of studies focussed on short-term effects such as injuries and behavioural changes. Some marking techniques were reported to cause pain and to change swimming and haul-out behaviour, maternal attendance, and duration of foraging trips. However,marking has typically not been found to affect survival. No published research has addressed other possible long-term effects of marking related to injuries or pain responses. Studies of the more immediate effects of marking (mostly related to externally attached devices such as radio-transmitters) have shown a variety of different types and magnitudes of responses. It is important to note that studies failing to find treament differences are less likely to be published, meaning that the present and any other reviews based on published literaturemay be a biased sample of all research conducted on the topic. Publishing results that found no or low impacts (i.e. best practices) as well as those that found signiï¬cant impacts on animals should both be encouraged. Future research under more controlled conditions is required to document acute effects of marking, including injury and pain, and to better understand longer-term effects on health, reproduction and survival. We recommend that studies using marked animals standardise their reports, with added detail on methodology, monitoring and sampling design, and address practices used to minimise the impact of marking on marine mammals.

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